Which of the following is a key element of de-escalation techniques?

Active listening is indeed a key element of de-escalation techniques. It involves fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the other person is saying. By actively listening, an officer can show empathy and validate the emotions of individuals in a heightened situation. This engagement helps to build rapport and can diffuse tension, making it less likely that the situation will escalate further. Effective communication fosters an environment where individuals feel heard and respected, which is essential for resolving conflicts peacefully.

The other choices highlight aspects that do not align with the principles of de-escalation. The use of physical force can exacerbate a situation rather than calm it, and issuing citations or immediately arresting suspects tends to escalate an encounter rather than promote resolution. In contrast, active listening aims to understand and connect with individuals, making it a fundamental strategy in de-escalating potentially volatile situations.